The area of study encompassed by genomic engineering has
made so many technological advances that the modification of genomes –
including the human genome – has rapidly come within the reach of those
adequately trained in the techniques and methodologies of molecular biology.
There have been two extraordinary technological advances in
the field of molecular biology that have made the ability to modify specific
genes a reality. First of all, the
complete sequencing of the human genome in 2003 has made it possible to
identify the genes implicated in many cellular and disease processes. Secondly, the use of cluster regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) together with Cas9 has made it
possible to specifically engineer the modification of literally any targeted
gene. Cas genes code for proteins that
are directly related to CRISPR activity.
The CRISPR-Cas9 system was discovered in prokaryotic cells, bacteria
for example. It has been shown that this
system provides protection from foreign genetic elements such as plasmids and
phages- phages are viruses that target prokaryotic cells - that often attack
prokaryotic cells. This system has been
likened to acquired immunity found in more complex organisms such as human.
CRISPRs are found in approximately 40% of sequenced bacteria
genomes. CRISPRs are, in fact, composed
of segments of prokaryotic DNA made up of short repetitions of base sequences
followed by segments of so-called, "spacer DNA." These spacer segments seem to result from the
cell’s previous exposure to an invading organism and serve as a template for
the production of RNA transcription products that interact with Cas gene –
related proteins in a system designed to inactivate invading phages or plasmids.
Since 2013, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been adapted for use in
the specific editing of genes. When a
specifically engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system is introduced into a host mammalian
cell such as human it can alter a target gene in a very specific way. This was amply demonstrated when researches
at MIT effectively used this approach to effectively cure mice of a rare
genetic liver disorder.
This is such a powerful technique carrying with it such
profound implications for the future of genetic engineering that in January of
2015 a group of those scientists intimately associated with these studies met
in Napa, California at the Innovative Genomics Initiative (IGI) Forum on
Bioethics to discuss the scientific, medical, legal and ethical implications of
their work.
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